P1: News

CASE STUDIES:

Guardian information:

Some figures:

Owned by the Guardian Media group who is owned by Scott Trust, a trust.

Non Bias News

Profit is not the main goal, independent responsible investments 

Decrease in readership, Increase in online news, they seek profit, donations.

Reduced size for less distribution cost

5,000 - 32,400 advertising cost.

Donations can very from rich individuals who likes Guardian: Bill Gates.

Increase in online presence over the recent years. 7.8mil desktops, 3.1 mil tablet, 15.8 mil mobile.

986,000 circulation in 18, 2.8% market share.

Ownership/Trust and funding model used:

The Guardian is owned by Guardian Media Group (GMG) who is Scott Trust and he is the only shareholder of the company.

Scott Trust funds the company through its independent responsible investments, donations from online news and rich individuals such as bill gates, who like the beliefs that the Guardian is sharing in there article. Left wing Political party ( Labour party ), focuses on the idea of freedom, equality reinforcement and much more to improve society.

Circulation figures:

Guardians daily circulation had an average daily circulation of 105,134 copies in July 2021.

986,000 circulation in 2018.

2.8% of market share, less share so they focus on other factors and not profit.

Decrease in readership in print news, increase in online news, they seek donations to support the company.

Advertising costs:

The Guardian’s rate cards suggests it values its ads at the very top end in both print and online. In print it asks for just £18,000 for a full page ad. £6,000 - £32,000 for advertisement in print, price varies from the size of Ad.  

Online cost : £46,000 to £80,000 for advertisement in online news, price varies from the size of Ad.

sales figures for last 5 years:

2022: 255.8 million GBP

2021: 225.5 million GBP

2020: 223.5 million GBP

2019: 224.5 million GBP

2018: 217 million GBP

Online website:

THE GUARDIAN:

Demographic audience:

50% Male 

50% Female

Age: 35-55+

Social Group:

AB:59%

ABC1:75%

Degree or higher: 65%

Full time employment: 47%

Explorers, Reformers & Succeeders

progressive interest: Travellers, Finance, Food and drink, fashion, lifestyle, Owners of technology, art lovers

Target audiences:

Price:

£2.50 cover price

affordable to the ABC category of audiences

Cross-platform advertising:

Social media

Promotional offers:

Range of offers linked to supplements; 30% off books at bookshop

Subscriptions:

Range of subscription packages & Donations

Newspapers - £12.99/Monthly

Digital subscription - £11.99/Monthly. 50% off for 3 months.

Guardian Weekly - £82.50/Annual. 50% off annual subscription.

Sponsorship:

Deals with UNICEF, Unilever & Philips; sponsored Glastonbury Festival

Partnership marketing:

Contract with Yahoo enabling global reach.

Daily mail information:

Some figures:

Owned by DMGT media, own by Rothermore family for over 100 years. funded by the government.

profit made from Online Adverts

Bias News

Profit is the main goal

3K - 3Mill advertising cost

Increase cover price

closed printing factory in Didcot - reduce production cost

Increase in online readers - 7.7 mil online readers and 22 mil mobile readers.

1.2 mill circulation,25% share, biggest share

Ownership/Trust and funding model used:

Daily mail is owned by DMG media but the owner is Viscount Rothermore who is the 4th chairman and the main shareholder of the company.  main source of funding is from circulation sales and advertisement 

Profit is the main goal for the daily mail, 25% revenue generated for the shareholders who profit the daily mail. through advertisement in print and online news, Daily mail will have to add a series of adverts in every news as they need to maintain high profit for the shareholders.

A paying member of IPSO

Circulation figures:

Daily mail had an average daily Circulation of 1,134,184 copies in February 2020. Between April 2019 and March 2020 it had an average daily readership of approximately 2.180 million.

Advertising costs:

The Daily Mail advertises a full-page colour ad at £45,612, slap bang in the middle of the range of pricing across national newspapers.

sales figures for last 5 years:

Daily mail

2022: 

2021:

2020:

2019:

2018:

Online website:

DAILY MAIL

Demographic audience:

41% Male

59% Female

Age: 45-59+

Social group:

ABC1: 63%

Majority live in SE

Average savings of £39,000

Mainstream, Resigned & succeeders. 

Target audiences

Price:

80 - 90p for newspaper

Affordable to the ABC category of audiences

Cross-Platform advertising:

Social media 

Promotional offers:

Range of companies, e.g Weight Watchers

Subscriptions:

Range of subscription packages.

Digital Monthly - 90p for 90 days

Digital Annual - £65/year 1

Print - £10.40 a month

Sponsorship:

Sponsors that will reflect the values of the paper and appeal to the interest of the reader. 

Partnership marketing:

Offer many savings with Global Savings Group in various retailers.

Monday 12th September 2022 

Print News

L/O: to explore printed news and the theoretical framework

Industry:

News is an old media product, in which it has improved over the decades, from a limited broadcast service to a whole range of news that is being reported across the world. News is owned by a group of people who regulate these broadcasts and control what is put in the media product.

Audience:

Audiences are the main target of News as they focus to create media product that fits certain type of audiences and social groups. With each News media product, they focus on different types of certain audiences as it is easy to present key information to these audiences. News targets these audiences depending on there Age, Gender, Beliefs etc.

Representation:

When it comes to representation, News media products are able to represent different cultures, groups, individuals and events to reach audiences, with this they use stereotypes to represent individuals or groups, in a positive or a negative way as the media product of news is controlled by a group of people who create these false or real stereotypes. 

Media Language:

Media Language helps the views to understand there message through the use of Camerawork, mise-en-scene and intertextuality and with these elements, the media product creates meaning. Media language is the way in which the meaning of a media text is conveyed to the audience. One of the ways Media Language works is to convey meaning through signs and symbols suggested by the way a scene is set up and filmed.

Newspapers comparison:

- Use of image is the same yet the size is different 

- Use of similar typography - serif 

- Use of the colour purple - royal colour

- Size of masthead is different - some use crown to show respect

- Different layout of the main image and text

- Less amount of articles 

- cheap paper used

Tabloid Newspaper 

Gossip 

soft news

More images less text

10 year old reading age

Compacted newspapers

Less information on the front cover

Big masthead

Broadsheet Newspaper

Political topics

Quality press

Hard news

Less images more text

Use of typography is serif

Huge newspaper 

More information and articles on the front cover

Less masthead

Tabloid industry theory

- Mirror is a huge newspaper company in which it is controlled by a group of people who seek certain believes and for this to be shared across different media product, they lack to express opinion and are forced to follow someone else's opinion. As well as this, they are capitalist, as they seek as much ownership as they can, this means more people buy there product. And for this to be possible, Owners value profit at the expense of quality and creativity. This is easily presented in Tabloid newspapers, as they seek profit from the newspapers at the price of £1.10 compared to the traditional 55p, at the expense of creativity. The similar layout in every tabloid newspaper, it shows a lack of creativity when present information for the audiences. This is usually Media industries are owned by a few of conglomerates, so they control in what is put and what is not. For this front cover, 4 men are holding the coffin as they lack women, this follows the traditional dominant belief as they think men are strong, for this to further be linked to the dominant group, they present a series of women crying whereas no men is shown to be crying. 

Media language

layout follows conventions of newspapers using traditional serif font

representation

Women crying

stereotypes of reinforcement

men show less emotion compared to women 

Monday 26 September 2022 

Print News

L/O: to explore the purpose and process of the printed news industry

Difference between Tabloid and Broadsheet:

Broadsheet are for more complex readers who are educated around articles that it is featured, therefore they will use politics and for more complex reading level as they target more sophisticated  adults who are interested in what is happening around the world. Whereas for Tabloid newspapers they are less complex readers who aren't really interested in the news industry, they will feature less politics as there target audiences are teenagers and younger adults. 

Industries:

Process of Production, Distribution and circulation 

Production:

Requires a large amount of material

Employment of highly trained staff

Technology:

Printed in colour

Satellites and internet - stories widely quickly from anywhere

Distribution: 

have to be physically transported

Set to a deadline so they need to arrive early morning

How to lessen the cost? 

Printed locally 

Online can be global and cheaper 

Free paper

Marketing:

Advertising

exclusives 

synergy deals with other companies 

Circulation:

Number of copies distributed, not sold 

3 ownership models:

Media Barons:

owned by wealthy individuals or proprietors  

Trusts:

A legal arrangement that transfers funds from owners to a trustee to mange and control the running of the paper

Cross-Media converged conglomerates: 

global institutions that own numerous media outlets. These may be owned by Media Barons

Newspapers ownership in the UK has become increasingly concentrated and therefore less dense as the industry is run by just 7 companies. More worryingly,almost 60% of the marketshare is owned by just 2 companies : News UK and DMG Media

Economic models & funding:

Technological developments :

1980s

Computers, printers & DTP programs

Effects on owners & Audiences:

The process of production on the newspapers was difficult to keep the quality of it, due to the early start of computers when everything was new to people therefore less talented producers and highly skilled staff was something that decreased the quality of newspapers. 

1990s

The Internet

Effects on owner & audiences:

The start of internet was something that increased the sales in the news industry as more information started to spread online and this availability has started to improve the quality of news, this meant Less distribution of high quality news as more people were creating news papers but they weren't distributed as more people were creating their own news industry.

2000s

Broadband, Web 2.0, Smartphones & tablets, HD digital cameras, Apps 

Effects on owner & audiences:

There is a whole range of advertisement, however, the owners no longer has control of production and the distribution of news as every news paper is created online and are printed quickly, but as well as this,there is a huge change in the quality of news.

Monday 3 October 2022

Lesson 3: Political bias

Printed News

L/O: To explore the news values, bias and regulation of printed news

The news industry has a number of newspapers worldwide with each newspaper having a series of employees working for them. Some of these employees can be referred as Press Agencies, they work on global news who work on creating key facts for some events that have happened. However, these Press Agencies report facts without judgement and so all of the information is objective and so these newspapers are sold to different companies to reshape the story as they reflect their values.  

Gatekeeping:

The editors are gatekeepers who take control on which is filtered, selected or omitted stories which are kept due to a lack of importance in the report or appeal and so they are selected to be viewed and check for accurate information.  

These editors practise a process called protective coverage, in which the process is all about withholding information that could be harmful to the public, powerful for people or impede a legal investigation.

Negativity

Continuity

Frequency

Threshold

 

Reference to elite person

Personalisation

Political bias:

Free press: a non-regulated newspaper which also people to express their opinions on different reports even if these opinions criticise the higher ups, they will still keep the report.

Fourth estate: Newspapers which safeguarded the people from political and wealthy decision. the fourth estate is supposed to be protecting everyday lives from these decision, yet these decisions are also made by the people who own or safeguard people.

Homogenous:

A singular view/ opinion

This means that most of the newspapers that are published have a singular yet similar view of the news and therefore reinforce a singular view about our society/ culture.

Do we really have a FREE PRESS?

We as the viewers of the news industry don't have a free press as most of the newspaper companies are owned by right wing conglomerates who believes in a homogenous view on the report and therefore a singular view is stated in the report. This is seen through a number of different newspaper companies as they are stating the same view in a set report, with this we are left with an unbalance between left + right wing. This could also be proven through the ownership of the news industry as most of the industry is owned by wealthy people who are friends/ close to the government and they are set to follow the government and higher ups beliefs. Linking back to the free press, every editor is in charge in what is selected and removed, and therefore the editor gate keeps some of these reports and ignore the term known as Protective Coverage. 

Boris Johnson: Leader of The Conservative party (Right Wing)

Daily mail: supports Government - Right wing - ML: Headline, Use of a Verb "Stare" and "Mutiny" representing the riots, presented as brave - positive view.

Owned by a white male Conglomerate who supports the government but is also supported by the government in which there reports are viewed to make sure the report about anything political is presented in a good way. 

The guardian: Left wing - Does not support the government - Left wing - ML: Headline, Use of Double "D's" Alliteration emphasise, presented as weak and stupid - Negative view

Owned by A Media Baron - Scott Trust who is a Left wing and supports the Labour Party, this suggest that anything political related is presented as negative.

Levi- Strauss: Juxtapositions between the daily mail and the Guardian - A good vs a bad view on the Prim minister Boris Johnson. Headline represents this perfectly as both of the front covers are showing different views on the same image and person. In the Daily mail, Boris is presented as a strong leader who is powerful and straight formal who is smart and clean, whereas in the Guardian, Boris is presented a weak, lazy leader, awful posture and informal behaviours 

3/10- Good use of Levi-Strauss, T1: try to include a comment on Barthes and one element of ML that helped create meaning.

Barthes: Daily mail and the Guardian - The use of Prim minister Boris Johnson. The connotations on both of the newspapers is the use of the same image, however the different use of ML is the use of a Headlines. Barthes Theory links perfectly with both of the messages as both the connotations and denotations in the front cover presents a different message. Connotations can be the use of the same image presenting an elite person, as well as in the Daily mail, uses a cutout to remove the bad posture, the ideological messages that is shown is a strong male leader who will protect everyone. In contrast to the Guardian, the ideological message is shown to be an Juxtaposition to Daily mail, Guardian represents Boris as a weak, Lazy leader who is not here to protect everyone.

Monday 10 October 2022

Print News: Regulation 

L/O: To explore issues of regulation of printed news

Historical - Printing - press, decline

Economic - money - Adverts

Politics - Politics - Bias

Social - family - Not true representations

Cultural - Online News 

1. Curran and Seaton theory can be applied to newspapers as the theory talks about the idea of how companies are capitalist who seek high concentration of ownership, they risk quantity and quality over profit as the viewers are shown to be presented with similar articles in multiple companies to seek profit.

2. Daily mail can fit Curran and seatons theory as they seek profit over quality of their articles, the repetition of news is shown in daily mail as they own a high level of audiences, they still seek profit.

3. We are shown the effects of what Curran and seaton was talking about as in the news industry, the papers are mostly owned by one person and therefore the quantity and quality is eliminated as the same articles are presented in the news todays and the lack of originality, links to the theory as the coglamotares. 

Monday 17 October 2022

MOCK Q3

Economic content: Money

Funding: Commercial, Not for profit

Distribution: Moving newspapers online publishing.

Mock Q3:

Daily mail:

The affects of distribution in newspapers are seen through various economic contexts that are shown in the news industry and one of these The daily mail is owned by the DMGT media group, with the ownership remaining within the Rothermore family for over 100 years. Ownership is created through circulations and advertising fundings, maintain the profit for the company and the shareholders (25% share) would mean that Daily mail would focus on ways to create fundings to main the ownership. with a Circulation of 1.2 Mil this year, Daily mail would need to seek profits from owners and one way this is possible is through advertising, as for the cost of advertising can very from £3,000 to £3 Mil on a page. But through the Shareholder's help with maintaining profits, would also mean that the revenue made from advertising  would be shared throughout these Shareholders and this can be link to the idea of Capitalism. Through a high rise in Online news, the circulation figures would decrease in printed news as they begin to follow economic changes in online media and therefore would affect daily mail. One way they battled these changes is from closing the printing factory in Didcot which was one of the distributions that helped to print news and to follow a high profit for the printed news would mean that they had to change the price of the covers and increase to keep profit. For the online news, they followed the similar funding model from printed news into online news and therefore there is a high rise in advertising in the Daily mail website. another way that they kept profit is through subscriptions that allowed the audiences and owners to read full articles if they brought subscriptions for the website. The success of Online news, had increase the ownership for Daily mail with 7.7million online readers and 22 Million mobile readers and has helped Daily mail combat economic changes to maintain the high ownership.

Guardian:

The affects of distribution in newspapers are seen through various economic contexts that are shown in the news industry and one of these is the Guardian who is owned by Scott Trust, with the fund that focuses on socially responsible investments and all profit from these investments are supported by GMG. with the decline in circulation figure of 986,000 in 2018, Guardian would have to seek ways to maintain profit through donations, advertising and other funding models. One of these profits made is through donations to support the funding, and with 800,000 who donated to the Guardian as well rich individual (Bill Gates) who supports this funding, helped to maintain the profit. Although the Guardian doesn't seek profit and ownership, they maintain a high trusted news without Bias, with this it brings more of an Educated audiences who help to maintain a high established company. 

Curran and seaton's theory talks about the idea of patterns in ownership and how they are important in the media industry as most of the high conglomerates are capitalist who seek as much of ownership as they can at the expense of creativity or quality of the news. With this concentration of ownership, opinions are narrowed in news and this affects viewership as most of the viewer has less voice and opinion in the press. Daily mail can fit perfectly with this theory, as they seek as much profit as they can for there shareholders, therefore they need to follow similar patterns to maintain this profit and at the cost of creativity and quality in the news, they seem to follow successful formats such as sensationalised news. Another theorist that can be applied to daily mail is Hesmondhalgh's theory as he states that reducing risk, helps to maintain high profit, if risks improve then the high concentration of ownership reduces and profit also decreases. this is shown in daily mail as they like to follow successful formats to maintain that high profit but it is shown in the media as repetition in the news industry as they show similar news to other. 

Evaluate the usefulness of one of the following when understanding ownership of newspapers such as the daily mail and the Guardian.

Curran and Seaton.

Curran and Seaton stated that the patterns of ownership are important in how the media functions, stating that the more concentration of ownership in the media industry, the more profit they are able to generate. with this statement, it is easy to link to the idea of capitalism and how media companies try to seek as much profit through the high levels of ownership and therefore it will affect the media industry. For example, in the news industry, there are a number of companies who are owned by big funding companies to maintain there profit and ownership, therefore affecting the narrow opinions in the news and show a pattern of repetition of sensationalised news and reduce the quality and quantity in news. The theory can be linked to both of Daily mail and the Guardian as they show similarities in Curran and Seaton's theory when talking about ownership of newspaper with both of these companies showing different viewpoints in the theory with one agreeing and the other disagreeing. The daily mail agrees with the theory as there first priority for the company is to generate as much profit as they can make from their high concentration of ownership that the company owns. Rothermere family are the owners for DMGT for over 100 years, the ownership of these companies has helped daily mail maintain their high profit and therefore can be linked to the theory. 

Explain how the cultural context of how the news is produced influences the content offered to audiences. (10marks 17mins)

Cultural contexts help the production of newspaper influence the content offered to audiences in the media industry. 

Today the main production of news is through online, the easy access has its ability to maintain important information for the consumers it helps the consumer aware of important events, news and issues in the world. The ownership of concentrated news support one dimensional viewpoint of the British Culture in the news, with similar opinions and beliefs. With the ownership of news industry it is difficult to maintain different opinions due to a lack of ownership. For example, Daily mail has a high ownership in the media so therefore the sensationalised news is difficult to show different cultures and opinions. i However with the postmodern news, we can see a mixture of genres of news has resulted in changes to the newspapers conventions whether it is the compact format that is becoming the trend and reduce production cost or the transition to online news that has helped to show a greater diversity in representation in the news industry. Newspapers features a whole range of events, issues and news to maintain the audience as they offer a whole range of cultural information for the audiences to consume. 

Consumer increase due to the popularity of online news, success in online news result in less circulation figures in print news.

Self assessment: 

Use of theory to link my points together.

Talk more about the different effects of cultural contexts.

Refer to guardian and daily mail as an example.

AUDIENCE

Monday 14th November 2022

Target audience

L/O: to investigate audiences of printed news and audience appeal

Demographics: A group of individuals that show relation to their set social status

Psychometrics: What the individuals seek 

Type: Mass or niche

THE SUN:

Celebrity

Entertainment

Power elite

Good news

Follow up

DAILY MAIL:

Elite person: Princess Diana

Bad news: Migrant crisis, tax rises

Magnitude: increase in tax, effecting a group of people

 

Big headline

Suella: Channel migrant crisis out of control

Bad news - representation of immigrants as a crisis and need to get rid off

Main image

Princess Diana

Elite person: part of the royal family

large font

Large masthead

Colour: Bright - pink and blue

Lexis - formal, political, typical, negative

mixed layout - headline not linking to the main image.

THE GUARDIAN:

Elite person: 

Surprise: reference to manga and anime

Bad news : Increase in refugee

Good news: Positive view

Magnitude: effecting immigrants 

big headline with small letter case: Braverman increase the refugee rhetoric as pressure to quit grows - not shouting, more calm approach 

Main image:

an individual related to the headline 

Small font: Calm approach

Large masthead: to represent the values and beliefs shown in the front cover - focusing on the good side rather than the bad side.

Colours: Blue and white - links to the masthead

Lexis: Formal, less political, progressive, positive

organised layout, easy to follow 

Monday 21 November 2022

Lesson 2: Target Audiences

L/O: To explore how newspapers attract their audiences.

Apply audience theory to Newspaper.

Daily mail:

"Migrant Crisis out of control", "Invasion of South Coast"

Bandura: Migrant crisis is bad.

Gerbner:

1.Daily mail - Articles are negative and more published about the same story.

2. Mistrust in migrants.

fear in the migrants. 

'Out of control' , 'Crisis' , 'Invasion'

Hall:

D: Migrants are a threat.

N: Migrant issue needs addressing but not a potential threat

O: One sided view doesn't considered the migrant situation.

The Guardian:

Bandura: 

Help/Save the refugee at the centre

Gerbner: 

'Refugee' - connotations: sympathy - refugee from war 

'Dire State of asylum centre' - critique of government not the refugee

2. Can help, there is hope.

3. Government needs to act.

Hall:

D:

Not the refuge fault and need helps 

N:

Not showing the full story - some are not genuine refugees.

O:

There has to be a system to enter UK but it might need fixing.

Monday 28 November 2022

Media language 

L/O: to explore the use of media language and code of conventions in print news.

Broadsheet and Tabloid difference:

Broadsheet Newspaper

Political topics

Quality press

Hard news

Less images more text

Use of typography is serif

Huge newspaper 

More information and articles on the front cover

Less masthead

Formal adress

Tabloid Newspaper 

Gossip 

soft news

More images less text

10 year old reading age

Compacted newspapers

Less information on the front cover

Big masthead

Theory:

Barthes - 

Barthes theory is a study of signs.

Denotations can signify connotations associated meanings for the same sign.

Both Denotations and connotation are organised into myths, that create an ideological meaning and help these meanings feel natural and acceptable.

Daily mail:

The technical conventions in the mail enables the editor to signify meaning and communicate the paper's conservative viewpoints and ideologies.

The Guardian:

Neale - 

Neale's theory is the study of genre.

Genres have the ability to change or decline in popularity. 

The process through which generic codes and conventions are shared by producers and audiences through the repetition of repeated conventions in media products.

Genres aren't able to be fixed but are constantly evolving, they can become hybrids or playing with genre codes and conventions from other genres.

Daily mail: 

Considered to be the first UK tabloid in terms of it Journalism.

A Mid-market tabloid 

A newspaper that offers a mix of both soft and hard news content in its coverage of news to appeal to its target audiences.

Daily mail hybrid:

Political news, large serif type, bright colours, big masthead, advertisement

Using your knowledge of the conventions of both tabloid and broadsheet papers, explain how the mail has hybridised these two genres, look at content & layout.

The daily mail is considered to be the first UK tabloid newspaper in terms of it journalism. The daily mail has a mixture of hard and soft news taking features from both tabloid and broadsheet news, to create a much more hybrid genre of there own. they like to focus on political views with a much soft approach in their newspapers taking features from tabloid sensationalised news in their own. The layout of daily mail takes the serif masthead of a broadsheet newspaper, bright colours with advertisements, san serif type in headlines, it creates a hybrid newspaper taking features of both tabloid and broadsheet newspaper. 

headlines in daily mail use san serif typography to connote the sensationalised news that is taken from tabloid newspapers - shows that they take a much soft approach to their news.

Masthead in daily mail uses the traditional serif font connotes traditional values and a sense of authority. 

Masthead: everyday newspaper. daily mail 

Logo: Lion, unicorn with a shield and crown on top. historical, patriarchy and traditional England values.

Use of serif font: Traditional serif font used to indicate the trustworthiness in the newspaper. daily mail isn't trustworthy. 

colour: Use of Gold, blue and white. Gold is used to indicate the world cup trophy, white and blue to indicate the England football team.

skyline & puff: 2 white women celebrating the win, England 3 Wales 0 Puff.

Headline, sub-headings & stand first: A mixture of large san serif and regular serif font to indicate the traditional values in newspaper.

byline: Small byline compared to the rest of text. Shows a lack of representation of the articles writers. 

Main image: Celebration of a world cup win. England won against wales and is moving to the quater finals .

Captions: Used to show the page number of the main image. Article that talks about the win against wales and the fans reaction to it.

The guardian:

Todorov -

Todorov's theory is the study of Narrative.

narratives can be seen to move from a state of equilibrium to disequilibrium to resolution to a new equilibrium.

The narrative structure is able to help to reinforce ideological values.

Daily mail:

The Guardian:

Masthead: Protectors and providers. No use of logo as they are modern.

Colour: Traditional use of the colour blue. Liberal party colour.

Skyline & puff: Christmas advertisement. 

Splash/lead story: 

Byline: a whole range of small text in bright red colour. Show some respect on the author.

Main image: a white women. Bille piper's story on her influence.

Caption: Bold serif text.

Headline: a range of serious headlines. Recent events that could effect the viewers.

Layout: traditional broadsheet layout with the use of images. Tabloid compressed size of newspaper.

Levi-Strauss:

Levi's theory is a study of structure.

This is a study of hidden rules that shape a structure to communicate ideology or myths.

We understand that world and our place within it based on binary oppositions. 

Daily mail:

The Guradian:

Monday 12 December 2022

Media Language Q2 practise 

Baudrillard: Postmodernism 

Postmodernism is the idea of the society moving past modernism – that being through art and culture or modernism in a sense of beliefs in progress. Post modernism could also be a cultural movement to create a fiction world in which it links to the real world, The theory talks about how the real world is close to become a postmodernism society through media products. 

Simulacra - is a copy of the reality but show less links to the real product.

hyperreality - copy is so good that we believe it.

Media is full of simulacra and audiences cant tell or don't want to tell the difference. hyper reality cant tell this simulacra. 

doesn't apply:

• Main headline - "fury over starmer class war on private schools", references to realistic class of education. goes against the theory as it clearly shows signs of realistic issues with the different classes of education.

does apply:

• Main image - Matt Hancock in "I'm a celebrity", hyper reality world of a fake jungle with real situations. links to the theory as fans enjoy this fake world that has no link to the real world but shows some references to the real world.

• Tabloid - Massive images, Bright colours ( red ), Informal but not slang
• close-up for mirror with the background blurred, presented in a silly way
• Mid shot for daily mail with posters and people behind her, presented as a strong leader

Media conventions have moved from the traditional approach to a much more modern approach as it helps to construct viewpoints. Conventions within the tabloid newspaper are as followed, a San serif text with bright red colour for the masthead to indicate modernism and the soft news approach to it, Informal language, with a simple layout with 1 or 2 big story based headlines, less text and more images. This is a contrast between the daily mail as it approaches this brand new newspaper but keeping the old school and traditional look in their own newspapers. The Daily Mail is a hybrid between Tabloid and Broadsheet newspapers as it follows conventions from both to create their very own style of news. With a massive masthead of a lion and a unicorn it symbolises the traditional values and England history in their news with a less statured colour scheme in their front covers like daily mail with a dark blue to symbolise the colours for the conservatives and tories party, this explains the hard and bias news approach in daily mail. with elements from Broadsheet like the complex layout of the front cover like large paragraphs of text, less images, formal language and also elements of tabloid like massive mastheads, a large cover line, big images this creates the hybrid look of newspapers in the daily mail.

The mirror in their front cover uses a close-up of Theresa may with a blurred background, this is purposely used to gives her an unflattering view to create a negative viewpoint. this technical choice is used to present a different viewpoint of Theresa May and it a contrast between the daily mail as they present her more differently in their front cover. The Daily Mail uses a mid shot of Theresa May with the background filled with banners and people behind her to create a positive viewpoint where she is presented as a strong leader. Another way these both are different is in 

Monday 9th January 2023

Print news: Representation

L/O: To explore the constructions of representations in papers and the impact of contexts on these representation.

dominated group:

Middle aged

White

Wealthy

Able bodied

Christian

Male

Heterosexual

All white ethnic background

All able-bodied

equal male and female - male : football - stereotypical, suit, low angle shot, footballer applauding him.

Female actress - as a sexy movie, image of her in revealing and glamorous dress.

Contexts

Economic factors:

Capitalism - this can be seen in the news industry as many conglomerates own high level of news companies and therefore a pattern of repetition is shown in the articles as many news companies show similar values and beliefs in their newspapers.

Gatekeeping:

Gatekeeping is when the editors would keep certain information from the audiences as they directly work for the owner.

Tabloid news:

Majority of news white ethnic background 

Royal family - negative - females, dressed as princess, trivial news linked to the royal family

Negative for the unions, working people, seen as causing misery

NHS negative, not being run properly

Broadsheet:

Important males : Ex president Donald Trump and Ex Prime Minster Boris Johnson

Majority of news show white ethnic background

THE SUN

CLASS: Upper class - Royal family, Prime Minister etc

AGE: Adults aged 30+

GENDER: Both male and female

ETHNICITY: All white ethnic background

DISABILITY: No disabilities presented

NEGATIVE STEROTYPES:

The direct negative stereotypes to the royal family is shown in number of tabloid newspapers and criticise the family issues and therefore it creates a negative image for the royal family.

HALL:

Hall's theory on representation can be added to the suns front cover as they like to mention the royal family in their covers however what is absent is the clearly representation of other social classes.

THEORY:

Hall representation:

Gauntlett:

Bell Hooks:

Van Zoonen: 

Monday 16 January 2023

Print News: Representation & Case Studies

L/O: To analyse the constructions of presentation in case studies and the impact of contexts on these representations

Theory applied

1: Hall - representation of working farther and mother 

2: Hall - representation of different culture

3: Bell Hooks - reference to the elite (royal family)

4: Hall - representation of the royal family, no representation of working class 

5: Van Zoonen - Image of a female is constructed through roles

6: Bell Hooks - reference to royal family, white child

Events and issues:

Prince Harry leaving the Royal family after exposing them for Racism etc

Individuals and social groups:

Princess Charlotte - dressed in a white dress (Males representation of how women dress)

The daily mail is owned by a conglomerates part of the dominated group and funded by the government, the articles are shown to be Bias, dominated group's representation and lack of other cultures and social groups. The main headline of the cover is about the recent events in royal family after harry decided to leave the royal family after finding out dark secrets that they were hiding. 

The guardian is controlled by trust: Scott Trust and the main target for the guardian is to show the diversity with a positive outcome in their articles. In the front cover there seems to be representations of the: Royal family, Brazilian army, articles about diabetes and much more. The use of the Brazilian army shows ideas of a diverse culture rather than traditional British values shown in mid market tabloid newspapers like the Daily Mail, the Guardian shows centre left values in which they try to show positive representation of diverse culture and it is shown in the front cover. Another article shows the recent events of the royal family when harry decided to leave them, in the article it is described in 3 words that are : Frustrating, oddly compelling and absurds. The Guardian shows a different side to what news try to portray of the elites, this negative representation of the royal family helps to create a new stereotype of the royal family, different to the other stereotypes created by others.

Butler:

Gender is created through the response of the performance of gender roles.

We learn how to perform these gender roles through repetition and ritual so it becomes naturalised.

Performativity is not a singular act but a repetition and a ritual that becomes naturalised within the body.

Gilroy:

Gilroy draws attention to the continuing role of colonial ideology - of the superiority of white Western Culture - across a range of representation.

black atlantic cultures is African, American, Caribbean and British

The British colonial history criminalises immigrants

Representations support a belief in they inherent superiority of white western civilisations

Post colonial melancholia - Draws attention to the continuing role of colonial ideology - superiority of white western culture.

In prioritising race and the post-colonial experience the theory may not aid analysis of other forms of inequality in representation in newspapers.

In stressing the influence of social conflict on representations the theory may underestimate the influence of social consensus on representation.

Daily mail: representation of the masculinity

Butler: Gender is shown through the performance of the gender roles - masculinity

Daily mail: Close-up of a solider on a turret - representation of a masculine male, men go to war, fighting

Monday 23 January 2023

Print News: Representation and exam questions

L/O: Analyse the representations present in Print News, the impact of contexts and application of theory.

Analyse different representations of in source A and B. Apply one appropriate theory of representation in your answer.

Daily express

Gender

King Charles - in charge, directly addressing the camera, Long Shot

Camilla - not addressing the camera - shows a lack of importance, position, male in the foreground reinforces power

Outfits - what does that reveal? Male - Military uniforms - connotation - bravery, war, patriotism

Female in a dress and hat.

Van Zoonen - stereotypes reinforced.

women as presented for objectification.

Men as hero status.

Contexts - Social - issues with the royal family - discussion within society.

Express supports Royals and critiques attacks on the Royals

Guardian

Gender

representations of gender are similar to those in the express

stereotypical of men - soldiers,brave, more confrontational - negatively seen to be oppressing democracy

Absence of females in the Brazil democracy story

Absence in the NHS strikes in the images and the journalists for the strikes story are only men

Only female is that of the wife of harry, wearing a hat and dress

Van Zoonen - reinforcing stereotypes

Contexts:

Political - democracy

NHS strikes - cultural - difference in cultures

Social - issues within society, cost of living and lack of pay for working people.

Exam Practise:

In source A and B the representations of gender is shown in the Daily Express and The Guardian to be reinforcing stereotypes of gender roles, through the representations of mainly males it shows the idea and roles of males in newspapers.

In Source A, Daily express reinforces the stereotypes through the use of the main image in the front cover, A long shot of King Charles it shows the representation of the king as someone who is in charge, directly addressing the camera whereas compared to Camilla who is represented opposite who is shown to have a lack of importance in the photo. Another way it shows stereotypical representations of gender roles in daily express is through the clothes they were wearing, the king is dressed in military uniform showing connotations of bravery, war and patriotic viewpoints of males in contrast to Camila who is in a dress and a hat. Van Zoonen's theory can be linked to this front cover as it reinforces stereotypes of representation of gender is Newspapers as the males are presented as more strong and brave in contrast to females who are presented as weak and fragile.

In Source B, The Guardian also reinforces stereotypes of gender roles similar to Daily Express as in the front cover of the Guardian it shows an Established shot of Brazilian army ready to attack against protests. The main image reinforces stereotypes of Gender roles as most of the soldiers presented in the front cover are males who looks brave, more confrontational and represents the democracy government as negative. Absence of Female soldiers further reinforces representation of gender in Brazilian government but shows representations of different cultures. As well as the front cover, the main cover line shows absence of NHS strikes in the images and journalists for the strikes story are only men, reinforcing the praetorial viewpoints of males and females, but also reinforces the cost of living and lack of pay for the working people.

ONLINE NEWS

30/1/23

L/O: To explore the industry, regulation and ownership of print & online, social & participatory news

1.

Decrease in print consumption

Rise in internet and online news

Easy and quick access Free with some news companies asking for subscription

Newspaper production was expensive

2.

Through advertisement on websites

Subscriptions and donations

Q1. What impact has digital convergence had on the production, distribution & circulation of DMGT online content?

The daily mail or Mail Online is a digital newspaper that provides content to a wide range of audiences, following the traditional conservative values in its content. The rise in digital convergence in online news has allowed daily mail to generate twice more revenue than in their print news, with the easy and quick access to any breaking news, it allows the audiences to get quick free articles on events around UK. With the global reach, it had also allowed Daily mail to attract a wide global reach of audiences, and with that the rise in technology it allows online news to be added around the world in a few minutes compared to the print distribution side of daily mail. Online news has allowed the cost of distribution to also be cheaper and enhanced the profit through its content and wide range of audiences. Reaching to the younger audiences, the daily mail has also got content on snapchat and social media, attracting younger generation of audiences.

Q2. What features do these complaints have in common? were they upheld?

Lily James

Theguardian is a online newspaper website that is owned by the GMG having a huge success in the print industry, the rise in digital convergence has forced the guardian to move to online news and despite the falling print sales they were able to generate twice the revenue. Through its online advertisement and subscriptions to digital editions from £11.99 a month with additional options to access further content, theguardian was able to generate revenue through its subscriptions and website advertisement. They also have 34.7 million monthly global users, theguardian was able to reach to a global audiences through the rise in digital convergence media, accessing content through the website and social media, they are able to also attract the younger generation. The rise in technology has allowed news industry to move from print to online, it allowed the industry to provide fast and immediate news allowing the consumers of the industry be provided with current information globally. Before the introduction to online news, it was difficult to provide news globally in the print news industry as the production costs were expensive and therefore it was hard to provide information globally. Also the production of print news was slow and therefore it was hard to provide immediate news that was happening around. With the rise in technology it allowed news industry to move online and providing information to the consumer was quick and free, it allowed companies to generate double the profit to prints and the circulation figures increased. 

Explain how the global cultural context in which online news is produced influences the content offered to audiences. Refer to the MailOnline and theguradian.com to support your answer.

Monday 6 February 2023

Online News

L/O: to explore audience appeal and use of print & online, social & participatory news

• Ad-like: is liking or slicing onto an advert on a website.

• Click-stream: tracking of what users click on and how long they spend on an article.

• Echo Chambers: encounters beliefs and values consistent with their own, reinforcing existing values.

• Front door traffic: Encouraging users to view newspapers content on their website rather than another website e.g. Facebook, it encourages advertisers.

How news brands reach different audiences using online platforms and what questions this raises.

- digital convergence enables owners to reach different segments of the market and at different times of the day.

- desktop platform attracts men aged 35-54 who might be working or own their own desktop.

- Mobile and Tablet platform attracts 56% of women who are aged 18-34, younger audiences can be emphasised due to the current development of handheld devices.

-  Social media attracts a much younger audiences through its influence, however facebook being one of the popular networks to attract some of the audiences can be through its oldest media platform, attracting an older audiences as well.

- this reaches globally and demographically.

- enables millennial audience to be reached who wouldn't normally read print news.

- click streaming provides advantages to online news.

- Audiences only receive more of the same articles that reinforce their current likes and preferences.

- Front door traffic allows news websites to provide with similar content that the consumer enjoys.

MAILONLINE

THEGUARDIAN

Monday 20 Feburary 2023

Online news

L/O: To explore use of media language in online, social & Participatory news

Celebrity news

Personalised/sensationalized news

The Guardian website and SM questions

1. The use of masthead can be seen on the guardian website and SM posts following the traditional serif font masthead on the website and SM. Another media language convention that can be seen throughout the website and SM posts are the colour pallete, having the traditional Blue, white and yellow palette is used throughout different media products as this represents the brand .

2. the online platforms offers the readers a number of different approaches for them to consume through its front page, they offer more articles for the readers with a series of different news types that might not be featured on the print news. with content like weathers, comments, subscriptions, Live events it allows the readers to interact with the content provide for them whereas for print the only interaction they get is reading the articles.

3. The media language convention used to connect the online platforms to the same news brand is through the use of the masthead that is used to represent the brand and its values, on top of the use of the colour pallete to indicate its political party beliefs it allows the audiences to fit in with the brand as they might have similar beliefs to the guardian.

4. The changes and the transformation to online news has allowed brands like the Guardian interact with their own audiences making sure they are participated in the content provided, through things like comments, likes and share allows the audiences in SM and online.

Daily Mail online and SM questions:

Daily mail online and SM questions:

1. The print front page uses the same masthead in online and SM media platforms to represent the brand with the content, following the traditional values and beliefs in both platforms.

Viewpoints and ideologies:

it follows the traditional conservative values and beliefs as they focus on targeting both of the criminals who were part of the kidnapping of a small girl Shannon but the daily mail focuses on the mother calling her "Britain's worst mother".

Monday 27 February 2023

Online news

L/O: to explore use of media language in online, social & participatory news

Media Language theory link to news

THE GUARDIAN

Barthes: 

Online news tend to use red for any recent breaking news.

Red can be symbolised as emergency and urgent.

Todorov:

Headlines are used to create stories in online and print news, these headlines create a narrative of events happening around the world.

This is seen in the guardian as an example, linking to the breaking news on the Ukraine and Russian war. The narrative of this story is the continuous war that is happening between Russia and Ukraine and the US president visit to Ukraine. the visit from the president can symbolise hope.

Neale:

Generic genre conventions from a print newspaper - The use of Guardian masthead, helps to identify the brand, this is repeated throughout a number of media formats to represent the brand (Online, Social media, Print etc).

Levi-Strauss:

Links to the Ukraine and Russia war, Russia can be symbolised as evil and villains whereas the binary opposite to Ukraine they are symbolised as heroes and saviors.

Baudrillard:

Social media and online news - links to the postmodernism/ hyperreality world 

DAILY MAIL

Barthes:

'Horror' signs of scary, shock and unexpected links to the article on dan in a accident.

Dan in Ambulance signs of saved, importance of the man.

'Smashed' signs of forced, major injury.

Todorov:

The links to the accident is focuses on the victim rather than the whole story, narrative of the article focuses on the males rather than the accident itself.

Neale:

Personalized news focusing on celebrities shifting from important news like the Ukraine war.

Levi-Strauss:

Dan is represented as a victim whereas the driver is presented as a criminal and evil the links to the binary opposite in the article.

Baudrillard:

The influence of the postmodernist
society, news are shifting from sensationalized to personalized news.

  

Personalized news focusing on celebrities - JK Rowlings and her relationship

JK Rowling is represented as a victim in the relationship in the article through the use of words like 'abusive husband' focusing on the husband rather than JK Rowling herself.

The focal point in the article is her husband focusing on him despite his actions, further emphasises through the article as someone of the words that describing the man are quoted in a way saying its fake.

Her traditional viewpoints helps to reinforce her as a national treasure. 

Exam question

Guardian and daily mail

Guradian

Hard news

tabloid/broadsheet newspaper

masthead used in online format

British but also diverse culture representations

Daily Mail

Soft news

Broadsheet newspaper

Masthead used in online format

British culture

political

How far has genre influenced the media language in source A and B?

Genre has been used to show influenced in the news industry through the use of media language and this is shown in Source A and B, when focusing on the changes in genre conventions used to represent the brand. The Guardian tends to focus on hard/sensationalised news while trying to fit it with their beliefs and values in the articles and as they transition from broadsheet to a tabloid newspaper, this is influenced by the postmodernist culture. The guardian moving from broadsheet to tabloid is a perfect example of the genre changes that is influenced by the postmodernist culture but also the online news, as moving from print and online news helps to maintain mainstream. The Daily mail on the other hand, is a broadsheet newspaper that moved from sensationalised news to more personalised news through the influence of celebrity culture, this allows the daily mail to transition to a more personalised newspaper through the genre conventions. 

Monday 6 March 2023

Online News

L/O: to analyse representations in online, social & participatory news 

Events: Car crash - tragedy

Issues: death - serious news

Social groups: young adults, male and female, aged 20+, celebrities - personalised news 

Individuals: focusing on the ex football player and star of sky reality show

Individualism: focusing on one person

Globalism: focusing on aftermath of Ukrainian city 

Consumerism : social media interaction 

hall: meaning is created by a representation, it effects absent and different stereotypes and how they are constructed should be deconstructed to identify what they tell us about ideology.

Gauntlet: media has an important but complex relationship with identities.

Van Zoonen: ideas of femininity and masculinity are constructed in our performance of these roles

Bell hooks: feminist is the idea of coming together of gender, race, class and sexuality to create a white supremacist capitalist patriarchy, which dominates media representations.

butler: gender is created in response to our performance of gender roles. we learn how to perform these gender roles through repetition and ritual so it becomes naturalised.

gilroy: white western culture as dominated + superior as a result of post colonialism demonise other ethnicities.

Event: climate change - negative, immediate news 

Issues: car crash - factual, equal

Social group - police officer arrested - male, police officer, criminal

Individuals - prime minster and immigrant story - focusing on prime minster to work on small boats

Globalisation: climate change - a global issue - revealed, demonises 

Individualism: police officer arrested - focusing on a singular individual

Consumerism: breaking/ live news - comments, online interaction

Monday 13 March 2023

News Exam Format

L/O: to understand the exam format for the news unit

10 Marks = 17 Minutes

15 Marks = 25 Minutes

L.I.A.R

Language

Industry

Audience

Representation 

Van Zoonen - patriarchy in charge - males

idea of feminity and masculinity can help to show the performance of gender roles

Times: 

Male in charge - suit and folder

Wife - supporting and subordinate - smile, dress reinforces she is a wife. Reinforces theory of van Zoonen

Main cover image - Medium long shot of the PM and wife

Sun:

Reinforces patriarchy via the close-up shot of the PM looking emotional

Sub-heading: emotional sentiment - breaks gender roles - traditional gender "Men don't cry"

Question 2:

tabloid - The Sun

Less text, one massive main image

Large headline

san-serif font

red masthead

advertisement - plug - money of Iceland

Audiences: working class, B-C2

Broadsheet - The Times

More text, less images

colour palette limited

Traditional British broadsheet masthead - B+W, serif font

Audiences: A-C1

Ownership 

Guardian: Scott trust - protect journalism, impartial

Bias - centre left - present both, champion the underdog

Funding - Not capitalist - profit goes back to GMG

Daily Mail: DMG Lord Rothermere

Conglomerates - bias - politically right

Funding: Circulation, ads - need to make money priority - money, capitalism

gerbner: 

Long exposure to particular media can cultivate and shape our behaviour.

Repetition of negative media messages and values are likely to create "mean world syndrome", which leads to mistrust and fear of others.

Monday 20 March 2023

News contexts

L/O: To explore the contexts of the news industry

Monday 27 March 2023

News Mock

L/O: to reflect on the mock exam and identify areas to improve

Question 1.

Media representations - ethnicity being demonised.

Britain failed to mourn the loss of the empire - postcolonial melancholia. 

Structure:

Question 1.

Analyse two sources

Media language and representation question

The sources will be from a tabloid and the quality press. Only one will be one of the set products.

Use a specific concept or theory in your analysis.

You will ned to reference the sources in detail, using accurate terminology.

10 marks = 17 mins.

Same story - different perspectives

Positive Mirror - Left centre

Negative Daily Mail - Right wing

Gilroy fits - mail - headline lexis shows demonisations of ethnic groups "lawless & reckless"

Gilroy fits - address ccolonisaim more directly.

Mirror's Lexis headline contexts "positive statements"

Question 2.

Agree with the statement - change in genre conventions

Larger image to text ratio, big images

Informal language, ideological - viewpoints are clear

Size - traditionally smaller

Language in source A + B - big images

Informal language not lots, ideologies are clear.

Size smaller - images fit smaller 

serif fonts traditional - matches the genres.

Include:

revise the genre conventions for tabloid and broadsheet newspapers ( don't get them mixed up )

further explain my examples with knowledge 

Question 3.

Talk about the political contexts of my case studies

Question 4.

Improve:

explain the usefulness and limitations of the theory (link it to the case studies)

Case Study revision

THE DAILY MAIL

ownership:

Daily mail is owned by DMGT group 

Ruthersmore family owned DMGT for 100 years old

Funding and revenue:

Money is the first priority

profit is made through advertisement and circulation figures

25% of market share

closure of printing facility Didcot

Tech development:

DailyOnline, Social media

News values & Bias:

priortise personalised and sensationalised news

historically right wing

Regulation:

IPSO

ton of complaints 

between 2016-2018, 17 case studies brought against the mail, 2 were upheld by IPSO

Homework: Find a complaint 

THE GUARDIAN

Ownership:

GMG owned by Scott Trust - was set up to protect the paper from one single cover

State that their journalism has no commercials or political interference

State that their news values of honest, fair, liberal investigation journalism

Funding & revenue:

Main source of funding circulation sales & advertising

2.8% of market share

alternative funding and revenue stream:

donations

Scott trust non- profit

Philanthropic contributions

reducing production costs(compact format & reduced cover price)

Tech development:

recent technoglical developments have hit them the hardest lowest print circulation figures of all Uk dailies

online issues, app and tablet edition

Holds 3rd largest share of combined online and print circulation

News values and bias:

compositions over negativity, threshold, personalisation to reflect liberal, progressive and balanced approach.

STORIES ARE PRIORITISED IF THEY ARE IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST AND REFLECT EQUALITY & FREEDOM 

historically left of centre 

Regulation:

has opted out of both IPSO & IMPRESS as claims both impact the freedom of the press and investigate journalism

Self- regulates through a Reader's editor who handles complaints alongside two independent figures to work with an ombudsman to ensure impartially